Assessment of Vitamin D Levels Among Postmenopausal Women in Relation to Their Physical Activity at Rawalpindi and Islamabad: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Background: Vitamin D deficiency remains a widespread public health concern, particularly among post-menopausal women. While physical activity is recognized as a key determinant of serum vitamin D levels, the influence of specific physical activity patterns on vitamin D status in this population is not well characterized. This study aimed to examine the relationship between physical activity patterns and vitamin D levels among post-menopausal women in Islamabad, Pakistan.

Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 107 post-menopausal women. Physical activity was assessed using a standardized questionnaire, capturing data on type, duration, frequency, and timing of activity. Serum vitamin D levels were measured via a fully automated, computerized chemiluminescent immunoassay.

Results: A total of 69.2% of participants were found to be vitamin D deficient. Physical activity patterns were significantly associated with vitamin D status. Women engaging in no physical activity had a markedly increased risk of vitamin D deficiency (Odds Ratio [OR]: 10.52; p = 0.012). Mild activity was associated with a higher risk of insufficiency (OR: 5.62; p = 0.031). Fewer days of physical activity per week (OR: 16.94; p = 0.005) and performing activity in the morning (OR: 8.44; p = 0.034) were also linked to lower vitamin D levels.

Conclusion: Physical activity patterns significantly influence vitamin D levels in post-menopausal women. Promoting regular, well-timed physical activity may serve as an effective strategy to mitigate vitamin D deficiency. These findings underscore the need for targeted public health interventions and awareness programs in this population.